FOB : Free On Board, có nghĩa là người xuất hàng chỉ có trách nhiệm đến khi hàng lên tàu. Còn trong quá trình vạn chuyển thì người nhập khẩu nước ngoài sẽ lo hoàn toàn.
CIF : Cost + Insuarance + Freight, tức là khi nhập khẩu thì các DN trong nước...... "khỏi lo gì cả ".
Có thể do những nguyên nhân sau đây :
1. DN nhập khẩu VN không muốn mất thời gian cho việc đàm phán với DN BH và các Hãng tàu để đạt được một mức giá tốt nhất cho họ.
2. Các Hãng tàu trong nước về phần nào đó cũng chưa tạo được sự yên tâm cho K/H trong nước ( VD : Ít tàu trọng tải lớn, tàu già ...)
3. BH hàng hoá xuất nhập khẩu phần lớn thông qua nhà Môi giới BH, mà các công ty Môi giới ở VN cũng hoạt động chưa mạnh.
4. Các doanh nghiệp BH + Hãng tàu + Nhà sản xuất ở VN liên kết với nhau trong việc thúc đẩy tiêu thụ SP và DV của mình. VD : tại những nước tiên tiến các hãng tàu, nhà BH, nhà SX họ phối hợp với nhau trong việc chào giá SP. Khi nhà SX nhận được lời đề nghị chào giá sp thì họ sẽ có 02 bản chào phí, bản thứ nhất chào giá SP, bản thứ 2 chào giá CIF. Khi nhà nhập khẩu nhận được 02 bản chào sẽ đem bản FOB đi tìm nhà BH và Hãng tàu để thuê, tổng chi phí đó sẽ cao hơn gia CIF trong bản chào thứ 2. ( CIF nhỏ hơn FOB + I + F) tại sao vậy? vì họ đã cam kết với nhau rồi, tất cả cùng hạ phí một ít để cả 3 cùng có k/h. Hơn nữa khi nhà SX hạ giá SP nhưng có thể sẽ được hưởng Comission từ nhà BH và Hãng tàu, còn hai "vị" kia thì không mất chi phí tiếp thị và tìm kiếm K/h nên chuyện hạ giá thành thì cũng hợp lý.
FOB (Incoterm)
Nghĩa vụ hai bên
Người bán phải:
1. Lấy giấy phép xuất khẩu, nộp thuế và lệ phí xuất (nếu cần)
2. Giao hàng lên tàu.
3. Cung cấp chứng từ vận tải hoàn hảo chứng minh hàng đã được bốc lên tàu
4. Chịu chi phí bốc hàng lên tàu theo tập quán của cảng nếu chi phí này chưa tính trong tiền cước.
Người mua phải:
1. Kí hợp đồng chuyên chở và trả cước.
2. Trả tiền chi phí bốc hàng lên tàu nếu chi phí này được tính vào trong cước
3. Lấy vận đơn
4. Trả tiền chi phí dỡ hàng
5. Chịu mội rủi ro và tổn thất về hàng kể từ khi hàng đã qua hẳn lan can tàu ở cảng bốc.
CIF
(COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT)...named port of destination = Giá thành, bảo hiểm và cước phí ....cảng đến quy định Khi giá cả được nêu là CIF, nó có nghĩa là giá của bên bán hàng đã bao gồm giá thành của sản phẩm, cước phí vận chuyển và phí bảo hiểm. CIF là một thuật ngữ thương mại quốc tế (xem bài Incoterm). Điều khoản này thường nằm trong điều khoản Giá cả trong hợp đồng ngoại thương (UNIT PRICE). ví dụ: USD 2000/MT , CIF Ho Chi Minh City port, incoterms 2000
CIF, ngoại trừ phần bảo hiểm, là đồng nhất với Giá thành và cước (CFR) trong mọi khía cạnh, và các dẫn giải như vậy được áp dụng, bao gồm cả khả năng áp dụng được của nó đối với hàng hải theo tập quán. Bổ sung thêm các trách nhiệm của CFR, bên bán hàng theo các điều kiện giá CIF cần phải có bảo hiểm đơn có thể chuyển nhượng được để bảo chứng (tiền đảm bảo) cho các rủi ro trong quá trình vận chuyển từ các nhà bảo hiểm. Giá trị của bảo hiểm đơn cần bảo chứng cho giá CIF cộng 10 phần trăm và khi có thể cần phải là loại hình tiền tệ đã được ghi trong hợp đồng mua bán. Lưu ý rằng chỉ có bảo chứng cơ bản nhất được yêu cầu tương đương với các khoản mục của điều khoản "C", và bên mua hàng thông thường hay đòi hỏi bảo hiểm đơn dạng bảo chứng cho "mọi rủi ro" ("all risks") phù hợp với các khoản mục trong điều khoản "A". Trách nhiệm của bên bán hàng đối với hàng hóa kết thúc khi hàng hóa được giao cho nhà vận tải hàng hải hoặc khi được giao lên boong tàu vận tải tại điểm đi, phụ thuộc vào các thuật ngữ trong hợp đồng bảo hiểm.
Thuật ngữ này chỉ thích hợp cho vận tải hàng hải tập quán, không phải là ro/ro hay vận chuyển container quốc tế
Các điều khoản chủ yếu của Incoterm 2000
1. Nhóm E (nơi đi)
1. EXW (nơi đi) - Giao tại xưởng
2. Nhóm F (Phí vận chuyển chưa trả)
1. FCA (cảng đi) - Giao cho người chuyên chở
2. FAS (cảng đi) - Giao dọc mạn tàu
3. FOB (cảng đi) - Giao lên tàu
3. Nhóm C (Phí vận chuyển đã trả)
1. CFR (cảng đến) - Tiền hàng và cước phí
2. CIF (cảng đến) - Tiền hàng, bảo hiểm và cước phí
3. CPT (cảng đến) - Cước phí trả tới
4. CIP (cảng đến) - Cước phí và phí bảo hiểm trả tới
4. Nhóm D (nơi đến)
1. DAF (biên giới) - Giao tại biên giới
2. DES (cảng đến) - Giao tại tàu
3. DEQ (cảng đến) - Giao tại cầu cảng
4. DDU (điểm đến) - Giao hàng chưa nộp thuế
5. DDP (điểm đến) - Giao hàng đã nộp thuế
EXW {+ the named place}
Ex Works
Ex means from. Works means factory, mill or warehouse, which is the seller's premises. EXW applies to goods available only at the seller's premises. Buyer is responsible for loading the goods on truck or container at the seller's premises, and for the subsequent costs and risks.
In practice, it is not uncommon that the seller loads the goods on truck or container at the seller's premises without charging loading fee.
In the quotation, indicate the named place (seller's premises) after the acronym EXW, for example EXW Kobe and EXW San Antonio.
The term EXW is commonly used between the manufacturer (seller) and export-trader (buyer), and the export-trader resells on other trade terms to the foreign buyers. Some manufacturers may use the term Ex Factory, which means the same as Ex Works.
FCA {+ the named point of departure}
Free Carrier
The delivery of goods on truck, rail car or container at the specified point (depot) of departure, which is usually the seller's premises, or a named railroad station or a named cargo terminal or into the custody of the carrier, at seller's expense. The point (depot) at origin may or may not be a customs clearance center. Buyer is responsible for the main carriage/freight, cargo insurance and other costs and risks.
In the air shipment, technically speaking, goods placed in the custody of an air carrier is considered as delivery on board the plane. In practice, many importers and exporters still use the term FOB in the air shipment.
The term FCA is also used in the RO/RO (roll on/roll off) services.
In the export quotation, indicate the point of departure (loading) after the acronym FCA, for example FCA Hong Kong and FCA Seattle.
Some manufacturers may use the former terms FOT (Free On Truck) and FOR (Free On Rail) in selling to export-traders.
FAS {+ the named port of origin}
Free Alongside Ship
Goods are placed in the dock shed or at the side of the ship, on the dock or lighter, within reach of its loading equipment so that they can be loaded aboard the ship, at seller's expense. Buyer is responsible for the loading fee, main carriage/freight, cargo insurance, and other costs and risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the port of origin (loading) after the acronym FAS, for example FAS New York and FAS Bremen.
The FAS term is popular in the break-bulk shipments and with the importing countries using their own vessels.
FOB {+ the named port of origin}
Free On Board
The delivery of goods on board the vessel at the named port of origin (loading), at seller's expense. Buyer is responsible for the main carriage/freight, cargo insurance and other costs and risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the port of origin (loading) after the acronym FOB, for example FOB Vancouver and FOB Shanghai.
Under the rules of the INCOTERMS 1990, the term FOB is used for ocean freight only. However, in practice, many importers and exporters still use the term FOB in the air freight.
In North America, the term FOB has other applications. Many buyers and sellers in Canada and the U.S.A. dealing on the open account and consignment basis are accustomed to using the shipping terms FOB Origin and FOB Destination.
FOB Origin means the buyer is responsible for the freight and other costs and risks. FOB Destination means the seller is responsible for the freight and other costs and risks until the goods are delivered to the buyer's premises, which may include the import customs clearance and payment of import customs duties and taxes at the buyer's country, depending on the agreement between the buyer and seller.
In international trade, avoid using the shipping terms FOB Origin and FOB Destination, which are not part of the INCOTERMS (International Commercial Terms).
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CFR {+ the named port of destination}
Cost and Freight
The delivery of goods to the named port of destination (discharge) at the seller's expense. Buyer is responsible for the cargo insurance and other costs and risks. The term CFR was formerly written as C&F. Many importers and exporters worldwide still use the term C&F.
In the export quotation, indicate the port of destination (discharge) after the acronym CFR, for example CFR Karachi and CFR Alexandria.
Under the rules of the INCOTERMS 1990, the term Cost and Freight is used for ocean freight only. However, in practice, the term Cost and Freight (C&F) is still commonly used in the air freight.
CIF {+ the named port of destination}
Cost, Insurance and Freight
The cargo insurance and delivery of goods to the named port of destination (discharge) at the seller's expense. Buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance and other costs and risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the port of destination (discharge) after the acronym CIF, for example CIF Pusan and CIF Singapore.
Under the rules of the INCOTERMS 1990, the term CIF is used for ocean freight only. However, in practice, many importers and exporters still use the term CIF in the air freight.
CPT {+ the named place of destination}
Carriage Paid To
The delivery of goods to the named place of destination (discharge) at seller's expense. Buyer assumes the cargo insurance, import customs clearance, payment of customs duties and taxes, and other costs and risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the place of destination (discharge) after the acronym CPT, for example CPT Los Angeles and CPT Osaka.
CIP {+ the named place of destination}
Carriage and Insurance Paid To
The delivery of goods and the cargo insurance to the named place of destination (discharge) at seller's expense. Buyer assumes the import customs clearance, payment of customs duties and taxes, and other costs and risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the place of destination (discharge) after the acronym CIP, for example CIP Paris and CIP Athens.
DAF {+ the named point at frontier}
Delivered At Frontier
The delivery of goods to the specified point at the frontier at seller's expense. Buyer is responsible for the import customs clearance, payment of customs duties and taxes, and other costs and risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the point at frontier (discharge) after the acronym DAF, for example DAF Buffalo and DAF Welland.
DES {+ the named port of destination}
Delivered Ex Ship
The delivery of goods on board the vessel at the named port of destination (discharge), at seller's expense. Buyer assumes the unloading fee, import customs clearance, payment of customs duties and taxes, cargo insurance, and other costs and risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the port of destination (discharge) after the acronym DES, for example DES Helsinki and DES Stockholm.
DEQ {+ the named port of destination}
Delivered Ex Quay
The delivery of goods to the quay (the port) at destination at seller's expense. Seller is responsible for the import customs clearance and payment of customs duties and taxes at the buyer's end. Buyer assumes the cargo insurance and other costs and risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the port of destination (discharge) after the acronym DEQ, for example DEQ Libreville and DEQ Maputo.
DDU {+ the named point of destination}
Delivered Duty Unpaid
The delivery of goods and the cargo insurance to the final point at destination, which is often the project site or buyer's premises, at seller's expense. Buyer assumes the import customs clearance and payment of customs duties and taxes. The seller may opt not to insure the goods at his/her own risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the point of destination (discharge) after the acronym DDU, for example DDU La Paz and DDU Ndjamena.
DDP {+ the named point of destination}
Delivered Duty Paid
The seller is responsible for most of the expenses, which include the cargo insurance, import customs clearance, and payment of customs duties and taxes at the buyer's end, and the delivery of goods to the final point at destination, which is often the project site or buyer's premises. The seller may opt not to insure the goods at his/her own risks.
In the export quotation, indicate the point of destination (discharge) after the acronym DDP, for example DDP Bujumbura and DDP Mbabane.
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